The scope of the atonement
Whether the atonement is intended for the whole world or for the sheep given to the Son.
1 John 2:1-2
1My little children, I write these things to you so that you may not sin. If anyone sins, we have a Counselor with the Father, Jesus Christ, the righteous.
2And he is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not for ours only, but also for the whole world.
John 10:1-18
1“Most certainly, I tell you, one who doesn’t enter by the door into the sheep fold, but climbs up some other way, is a thief and a robber.
2But one who enters in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep.
3The gatekeeper opens the gate for him, and the sheep listen to his voice. He calls his own sheep by name, and leads them out.
4Whenever he brings out his own sheep, he goes before them, and the sheep follow him, for they know his voice.
5They will by no means follow a stranger, but will flee from him; for they don’t know the voice of strangers.”
6Jesus spoke this parable to them, but they didn’t understand what he was telling them.
7Jesus therefore said to them again, “Most certainly, I tell you, I am the sheep’s door.
8All who came before me are thieves and robbers, but the sheep didn’t listen to them.
9I am the door. If anyone enters in by me, he will be saved, and will go in and go out, and will find pasture.
10The thief only comes to steal, kill, and destroy. I came that they may have life, and may have it abundantly.
11I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep.
12He who is a hired hand, and not a shepherd, who doesn’t own the sheep, sees the wolf coming, leaves the sheep, and flees. The wolf snatches the sheep, and scatters them.
13The hired hand flees because he is a hired hand, and doesn’t care for the sheep.
14I am the good shepherd. I know my own, and I’m known by my own;
15even as the Father knows me, and I know the Father. I lay down my life for the sheep.
16I have other sheep, which are not of this fold. I must bring them also, and they will hear my voice. They will become one flock with one shepherd.
17Therefore the Father loves me, because I lay down my life, that I may take it again.
18No one takes it away from me, but I lay it down by myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. I received this commandment from my Father.”
What each tradition says
Rabbinic / Midrashic
Kohler states that the Book of Jonah serves as the Hafṭarah. It contains the great lesson of God's forgiving love extended to Gentiles as well as to Jews.
Kaufmann Kohler, Atonement (Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906) — Section 'Both Fast-Day and Festal Day' (the Day of Atonement liturgy)
Patristic
Chrysostom says Christ tasted death by God's grace for every man, not for the faithful only but for the whole world. He indeed died for all. If not all have believed, He has fulfilled His own part.
John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Epistle to the Hebrews (NPNF1-14, ed. Schaff) — Homily IV on Hebrews (on Heb. ii. 9)
Catholic
Kent says God proposed Christ as a propitiator, through faith in His blood, for our sins and not for ours only but also for those of the whole world. He says Christ might redeem Jews under the Law, that Gentiles might attain justice, and that all men might receive adoption as sons. This is the universal scope of the propitiation.
William Henry Kent, Doctrine of the Atonement (The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907) — Opening section (the universal scope of the propitiation)
Orthodox
The Synod of Jerusalem states that Christ gave Himself as a ransom for all. By His own blood He made reconciliation between God and man.
Synod of Jerusalem (1672), J. N. W. B. Robertson trans., The Acts and Decrees of the Synod of Jerusalem (1899) — Decree VIII (Christ the only mediator, 'a ransom for all')
Reformed / Protestant
Calvin says the common solution is that Christ suffered sufficiently for the whole world but efficiently only for the elect. He allows this is true, yet denies it is suitable to this passage, because John's design was to make this benefit common to the whole Church.
John Calvin, John Calvin's Bible Commentary, on 1 John 2:2 — Comment on 1 John 2:2 ('sufficiently... efficiently' and 'the whole world')
Evangelical
John Wesley says the propitiation is not only for our sins but also for the sins of the whole world. He states that the propitiation extends just as widely as sin extends.
John Wesley, John Wesley's Explanatory Notes on the Bible, on 1 John 2:2 — Note on 1 John 2:2
Evangelical
Spurgeon says Christ died in such a way that He infallibly secured the salvation of a multitude no one can number. Through Christ's death, those people not only may be saved but are saved, must be saved, and cannot possibly be anything but saved.
Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Particular Redemption, Sermon No. 181 (delivered 1858) — Section V, on the extent of the design of the redemption