The infancy narratives
The accounts share almost no episodes — Magi, Herod and the flight to Egypt in Matthew; shepherds, the census and the presentation in Luke, who returns the family to Nazareth before Matthew's Egypt (Luke 2:39).
Matthew 1:18-2:23
18Now the birth of Jesus Christ was like this: After his mother, Mary, was engaged to Joseph, before they came together, she was found pregnant by the Holy Spirit.
19Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man, and not willing to make her a public example, intended to put her away secretly.
20But when he thought about these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, “Joseph, son of David, don’t be afraid to take to yourself Mary, your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit.
21She shall give birth to a son. You shall name him Jesus, for it is he who shall save his people from their sins.”
22Now all this has happened that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying,
23“Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall give birth to a son. They shall call his name Immanuel;” which is, being interpreted, “God with us.”
24Joseph arose from his sleep, and did as the angel of the Lord commanded him, and took his wife to himself;
25and didn’t know her sexually until she had given birth to her firstborn son. He named him Jesus.
1Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of King Herod, behold, wise men from the east came to Jerusalem, saying,
2“Where is he who is born King of the Jews? For we saw his star in the east, and have come to worship him.”
3When King Herod heard it, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him.
4Gathering together all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he asked them where the Christ would be born.
5They said to him, “In Bethlehem of Judea, for this is written through the prophet,
6‘You Bethlehem, land of Judah, are in no way least among the princes of Judah: for out of you shall come a governor, who shall shepherd my people, Israel.’ ”
7Then Herod secretly called the wise men, and learned from them exactly what time the star appeared.
8He sent them to Bethlehem, and said, “Go and search diligently for the young child. When you have found him, bring me word, so that I also may come and worship him.”
9They, having heard the king, went their way; and behold, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, until it came and stood over where the young child was.
10When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceedingly great joy.
11They came into the house and saw the young child with Mary, his mother, and they fell down and worshiped him. Opening their treasures, they offered to him gifts: gold, frankincense, and myrrh.
12Being warned in a dream not to return to Herod, they went back to their own country another way.
13Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, “Arise and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and stay there until I tell you, for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him.”
14He arose and took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt,
15and was there until the death of Herod; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, “Out of Egypt I called my son.”
16Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked by the wise men, was exceedingly angry, and sent out, and killed all the male children who were in Bethlehem and in all the surrounding countryside, from two years old and under, according to the exact time which he had learned from the wise men.
17Then that which was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled, saying,
18“A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children; she wouldn’t be comforted, because they are no more.”
19But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, saying,
20“Arise and take the young child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel, for those who sought the young child’s life are dead.”
21He arose and took the young child and his mother, and came into the land of Israel.
22But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in the place of his father, Herod, he was afraid to go there. Being warned in a dream, he withdrew into the region of Galilee,
23and came and lived in a city called Nazareth; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through the prophets that he will be called a Nazarene.
Luke 1:26-2:40
26Now in the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a city of Galilee named Nazareth,
27to a virgin pledged to be married to a man whose name was Joseph, of David’s house. The virgin’s name was Mary.
28Having come in, the angel said to her, “Rejoice, you highly favored one! The Lord is with you. Blessed are you among women!”
29But when she saw him, she was greatly troubled at the saying, and considered what kind of salutation this might be.
30The angel said to her, “Don’t be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.
31Behold, you will conceive in your womb and give birth to a son, and shall name him ‘Jesus.’
32He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give him the throne of his father David,
33and he will reign over the house of Jacob forever. There will be no end to his Kingdom.”
34Mary said to the angel, “How can this be, seeing I am a virgin?”
35The angel answered her, “The Holy Spirit will come on you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. Therefore also the holy one who is born from you will be called the Son of God.
36Behold, Elizabeth your relative also has conceived a son in her old age; and this is the sixth month with her who was called barren.
37For nothing spoken by God is impossible.”
38Mary said, “Behold, the servant of the Lord; let it be done to me according to your word.” The angel departed from her.
39Mary arose in those days and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Judah,
40and entered into the house of Zacharias and greeted Elizabeth.
41When Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting, the baby leaped in her womb; and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit.
42She called out with a loud voice and said, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb!
43Why am I so favored, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?
44For behold, when the voice of your greeting came into my ears, the baby leaped in my womb for joy!
45Blessed is she who believed, for there will be a fulfillment of the things which have been spoken to her from the Lord!”
46Mary said, “My soul magnifies the Lord.
47My spirit has rejoiced in God my Savior,
48for he has looked at the humble state of his servant. For behold, from now on, all generations will call me blessed.
49For he who is mighty has done great things for me. Holy is his name.
50His mercy is for generations of generations on those who fear him.
51He has shown strength with his arm. He has scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts.
52He has put down princes from their thrones, and has exalted the lowly.
53He has filled the hungry with good things. He has sent the rich away empty.
54He has given help to Israel, his servant, that he might remember mercy,
55as he spoke to our fathers, to Abraham and his offspring forever.”
56Mary stayed with her about three months, and then returned to her house.
57Now the time that Elizabeth should give birth was fulfilled, and she gave birth to a son.
58Her neighbors and her relatives heard that the Lord had magnified his mercy toward her, and they rejoiced with her.
59On the eighth day, they came to circumcise the child; and they would have called him Zacharias, after the name of his father.
60His mother answered, “Not so; but he will be called John.”
61They said to her, “There is no one among your relatives who is called by this name.”
62They made signs to his father, what he would have him called.
63He asked for a writing tablet, and wrote, “His name is John.” They all marveled.
64His mouth was opened immediately and his tongue freed, and he spoke, blessing God.
65Fear came on all who lived around them, and all these sayings were talked about throughout all the hill country of Judea.
66All who heard them laid them up in their heart, saying, “What then will this child be?” The hand of the Lord was with him.
67His father Zacharias was filled with the Holy Spirit, and prophesied, saying,
68“Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel, for he has visited and redeemed his people;
69and has raised up a horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David
70(as he spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets who have been from of old),
71salvation from our enemies and from the hand of all who hate us;
72to show mercy toward our fathers, to remember his holy covenant,
73the oath which he swore to Abraham our father,
74to grant to us that we, being delivered out of the hand of our enemies, should serve him without fear,
75in holiness and righteousness before him all the days of our life.
76And you, child, will be called a prophet of the Most High; for you will go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways,
77to give knowledge of salvation to his people by the remission of their sins,
78because of the tender mercy of our God, by which the dawn from on high will visit us,
79to shine on those who sit in darkness and the shadow of death; to guide our feet into the way of peace.”
80The child was growing and becoming strong in spirit, and was in the desert until the day of his public appearance to Israel.
1Now in those days, a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be enrolled.
2This was the first enrollment made when Quirinius was governor of Syria.
3All went to enroll themselves, everyone to his own city.
4Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to David’s city, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and family of David;
5to enroll himself with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him as wife, being pregnant.
6While they were there, the day had come for her to give birth.
7She gave birth to her firstborn son. She wrapped him in bands of cloth, and laid him in a feeding trough, because there was no room for them in the inn.
8There were shepherds in the same country staying in the field, and keeping watch by night over their flock.
9Behold, an angel of the Lord stood by them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified.
10The angel said to them, “Don’t be afraid, for behold, I bring you good news of great joy which will be to all the people.
11For there is born to you today, in David’s city, a Savior, who is Christ the Lord.
12This is the sign to you: you will find a baby wrapped in strips of cloth, lying in a feeding trough.”
13Suddenly, there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly army praising God, and saying,
14“Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will toward men.”
15When the angels went away from them into the sky, the shepherds said to one another, “Let’s go to Bethlehem, now, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.”
16They came with haste, and found both Mary and Joseph, and the baby was lying in the feeding trough.
17When they saw it, they publicized widely the saying which was spoken to them about this child.
18All who heard it wondered at the things which were spoken to them by the shepherds.
19But Mary kept all these sayings, pondering them in her heart.
20The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen, just as it was told them.
21When eight days were fulfilled for the circumcision of the child, his name was called Jesus, which was given by the angel before he was conceived in the womb.
22When the days of their purification according to the law of Moses were fulfilled, they brought him up to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord
23(as it is written in the law of the Lord, “Every male who opens the womb shall be called holy to the Lord”),
24and to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, “A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons.”
25Behold, there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon. This man was righteous and devout, looking for the consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was on him.
26It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he should not see death before he had seen the Lord’s Christ.
27He came in the Spirit into the temple. When the parents brought in the child, Jesus, that they might do concerning him according to the custom of the law,
28then he received him into his arms, and blessed God, and said,
29“Now you are releasing your servant, Master, according to your word, in peace;
30for my eyes have seen your salvation,
31which you have prepared before the face of all peoples;
32a light for revelation to the nations, and the glory of your people Israel.”
33Joseph and his mother were marveling at the things which were spoken concerning him,
34and Simeon blessed them, and said to Mary, his mother, “Behold, this child is set for the falling and the rising of many in Israel, and for a sign which is spoken against.
35Yes, a sword will pierce through your own soul, that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed.”
36There was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher (she was of a great age, having lived with a husband seven years from her virginity,
37and she had been a widow for about eighty-four years), who didn’t depart from the temple, worshiping with fastings and petitions night and day.
38Coming up at that very hour, she gave thanks to the Lord, and spoke of him to all those who were looking for redemption in Jerusalem.
39When they had accomplished all things that were according to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city, Nazareth.
40The child was growing, and was becoming strong in spirit, being filled with wisdom, and the grace of God was upon him.
What each tradition says
Rabbinic / Midrashic
The Jewish Encyclopedia says Nazareth was Jesus' native town, where as oldest son he followed his father's trade of carpenter. This seemed to conflict with the Messiahship claim, which Micah v. 1 said called for Beth-lehem of Judah as his origin. Hence the two legends: Luke i. 26, ii. 4, and Matt. ii. 1-22, where the Moses parallel is characteristic.
Joseph Jacobs, Kaufmann Kohler, Richard Gottheil, Samuel Krauss, The Jewish Encyclopedia (Funk & Wagnalls, 1901-1906), s.v. 'Jesus of Nazareth' — section 'Legends Concerning His Birth', opening paragraph
Patristic
Augustine says that where Matthew tells how the wise men were warned and went back another way, Matthew omitted all that Luke relates about the Lord in the temple and what Simeon and Anna said. Luke, in the same place, omitted all notice of the journey into Egypt and introduced the return to Nazareth as if immediately consecutive.
Augustine of Hippo (354-430), The Harmony of the Gospels (trans. S. D. F. Salmond), in NPNF ser. 1, vol. 6 (ed. Philip Schaff; T&T Clark, Edinburgh, 1888) — Book II, ch. 5 ('A Statement of the Manner in Which Luke's Procedure is Proved to Be in Harmony with Matthew's in Those Matters Concerning the Conception and the Infancy')
Catholic
Anthony Maas notes that Luke 2:39 appears to exclude placing the Magi's adoration between the presentation and the return to Nazareth. Because of this, some interpreters locate the wise men's advent, the flight to Egypt, the slaughter of the Innocents, and the return from Egypt after the events told in St. Luke.
Anthony Maas, The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 8, s.v. 'Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ' (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910) — section 'The infancy of Jesus', third possible arrangement
Orthodox
Chrysostom holds that Luke describes the time before the going down to Egypt. He would not have brought them down before the purification, so nothing would be done contrary to the law; He waited for her to be purified and go to Nazareth, and then they went down to Egypt. After their return, He bids them go to Nazareth.
John Chrysostom (c. 349-407), Homilies on the Gospel of St. Matthew, in NPNF ser. 1, vol. 10 (ed. Philip Schaff; T&T Clark, Edinburgh, 1888) — Homily IX (on Matt. ii. 16), on Matt. ii. 22-23
Reformed / Protestant
Calvin acknowledges that the departure to Egypt came between the events, and that Luke’s note about dwelling in their own city Nazareth is later than Matthew’s flight into Egypt. Since one Evangelist could leave out what another relates, nothing prevented Luke from skipping the period he did not intend to mention and passing to the following history.
John Calvin (1509-1564), Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, vol. 1 (trans. William Pringle; Calvin Translation Society, Edinburgh, 1845) — comment on Luke 2:39
Evangelical
Barnes says they returned into Galilee not immediately, but after a time. Luke omitted the flight into Egypt recorded by Matthew, but did not deny it; his words should not be pressed as if they meant they went immediately to Nazareth.
Albert Barnes (1798-1870), Notes on the New Testament, Explanatory and Practical (enlarged ed. by Robert Frew; CCEL carries the Baker reprint) — Note on Luke 2:39