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The six days

The six days are read as literal twenty-four-hour days, long ages, a literary framework, or temple-inauguration imagery.

Genesis 1:1-31

1In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.

2The earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep and God’s Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters.

3God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.

4God saw the light, and saw that it was good. God divided the light from the darkness.

5God called the light “day”, and the darkness he called “night”. There was evening and there was morning, the first day.

6God said, “Let there be an expanse in the middle of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.”

7God made the expanse, and divided the waters which were under the expanse from the waters which were above the expanse; and it was so.

8God called the expanse “sky”. There was evening and there was morning, a second day.

9God said, “Let the waters under the sky be gathered together to one place, and let the dry land appear;” and it was so.

10God called the dry land “earth”, and the gathering together of the waters he called “seas”. God saw that it was good.

11God said, “Let the earth yield grass, herbs yielding seeds, and fruit trees bearing fruit after their kind, with their seeds in it, on the earth;” and it was so.

12The earth yielded grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, with their seeds in it, after their kind; and God saw that it was good.

13There was evening and there was morning, a third day.

14God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs to mark seasons, days, and years;

15and let them be for lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth;” and it was so.

16God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He also made the stars.

17God set them in the expanse of the sky to give light to the earth,

18and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good.

19There was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.

20God said, “Let the waters abound with living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of the sky.”

21God created the large sea creatures and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. God saw that it was good.

22God blessed them, saying, “Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth.”

23There was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.

24God said, “Let the earth produce living creatures after their kind, livestock, creeping things, and animals of the earth after their kind;” and it was so.

25God made the animals of the earth after their kind, and the livestock after their kind, and everything that creeps on the ground after its kind. God saw that it was good.

26God said, “Let’s make man in our image, after our likeness. Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

27God created man in his own image. In God’s image he created him; male and female he created them.

28God blessed them. God said to them, “Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”

29God said, “Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree, which bears fruit yielding seed. It will be your food.

30To every animal of the earth, and to every bird of the sky, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food;” and it was so.

31God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. There was evening and there was morning, a sixth day.

What each tradition says

Rabbinic / Midrashic

Kohler and Hirsch say the attempt to establish concordance between Genesis and geology seems to do an injustice to science and religion both. The ancient Hebrews had a very imperfect conception of the structure of the universe. Genesis 1 was not written to be a scientific treatise.

Kaufmann Kohler (1843-1926) and Emil G. Hirsch (1851-1923), The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 4, s.v. 'Cosmogony' (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901-1906)section 'Biblical Data', closing paragraphs

Patristic

Origen asks who with understanding would suppose that the first, second, and third day, with evening and morning, existed without a sun, moon, and stars. He asks whether the first day was, as it were, also without a sky.

Origen of Alexandria (c. 185-254), De Principiis (trans. Frederick Crombie), in Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 4 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1885)Book IV, ch. 1, §16

Catholic

Anthony J. Maas states that in the denomination and distinction of the six days in Genesis 1, the word yôm can be taken either in its proper sense, as a natural day, or in an improper sense, for a period of time. He says discussion on this point among exegetes is legitimate.

Anthony J. Maas (1848-1914), The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 7, s.v. 'Hexaemeron' (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910)section 'III. Meaning', quoting the Pontifical Biblical Commission decree of 30 June 1909, item 5

Orthodox

Basil says twenty-four hours fill up the space of one day, meaning a day and a night. Even if at the solstices day and night are not equal in length, the time marked by Scripture still circumscribes their duration.

Basil the Great (c. 330-379), The Hexaemeron (trans. Blomfield Jackson), in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ser. 2, vol. 8 (New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1895)Homily II ('The Earth was Invisible and Unfinished'), §8, on Genesis 1:5

Reformed / Protestant

Matthew Henry states that the evening and morning were the sixth day, so in six days God made the world. He also says we should not think otherwise than that God could have made the world in an instant.

Matthew Henry (1662-1714), Commentary on the Whole Bible, vol. 1: Genesis to Deuteronomy (1706; CCEL text)Exposition of Genesis 1:31, 'The time when this work was concluded'

Evangelical

Wesley says God made the world in six days. God could have made it in an instant, but did it in six days to show himself a free agent, doing his own work in his own way and time.

John Wesley (1703-1791), Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765; CCEL's 'Wesley's Notes on the Bible')Note on Genesis 1:31 ('3. The time when this work was concluded')