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The woman of Endor

Whether what the medium of Endor raised was Samuel, an evil spirit, or a deception.

1 Samuel 28:3-25

3Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had mourned for him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. Saul had sent away those who had familiar spirits and the wizards out of the land.

4The Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and encamped in Shunem; and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they encamped in Gilboa.

5When Saul saw the army of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart trembled greatly.

6When Saul inquired of Yahweh, Yahweh didn’t answer him by dreams, by Urim, or by prophets.

7Then Saul said to his servants, “Seek for me a woman who has a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and inquire of her.” His servants said to him, “Behold, there is a woman who has a familiar spirit at Endor.”

8Saul disguised himself and put on other clothing, and went, he and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night. Then he said, “Please consult for me by the familiar spirit, and bring me up whomever I shall name to you.”

9The woman said to him, “Behold, you know what Saul has done, how he has cut off those who have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land. Why then do you lay a snare for my life, to cause me to die?”

10Saul swore to her by Yahweh, saying, “As Yahweh lives, no punishment will happen to you for this thing.”

11Then the woman said, “Whom shall I bring up to you?” He said, “Bring Samuel up for me.”

12When the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice; and the woman spoke to Saul, saying, “Why have you deceived me? For you are Saul!”

13The king said to her, “Don’t be afraid! What do you see?” The woman said to Saul, “I see a god coming up out of the earth.”

14He said to her, “What does he look like?” She said, “An old man comes up. He is covered with a robe.” Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he bowed with his face to the ground, and showed respect.

15Samuel said to Saul, “Why have you disturbed me, to bring me up?” Saul answered, “I am very distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God has departed from me, and answers me no more, by prophets, or by dreams. Therefore I have called you, that you may make known to me what I shall do.”

16Samuel said, “Why then do you ask me, since Yahweh has departed from you and has become your adversary?

17Yahweh has done to you as he spoke by me. Yahweh has torn the kingdom out of your hand, and given it to your neighbor, even to David.

18Because you didn’t obey Yahweh’s voice, and didn’t execute his fierce wrath on Amalek, therefore Yahweh has done this thing to you today.

19Moreover Yahweh will deliver Israel also with you into the hand of the Philistines; and tomorrow you and your sons will be with me. Yahweh will deliver the army of Israel also into the hand of the Philistines.”

20Then Saul fell immediately his full length on the earth, and was terrified, because of Samuel’s words. There was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all day long or all night long.

21The woman came to Saul, and saw that he was very troubled, and said to him, “Behold, your servant has listened to your voice, and I have put my life in my hand, and have listened to your words which you spoke to me.

22Now therefore, please listen also to the voice of your servant, and let me set a morsel of bread before you. Eat, that you may have strength, when you go on your way.”

23But he refused, and said, “I will not eat.” But his servants, together with the woman, constrained him; and he listened to their voice. So he arose from the earth and sat on the bed.

24The woman had a fattened calf in the house. She hurried and killed it; and she took flour, and kneaded it, and baked unleavened bread of it.

25She brought it before Saul, and before his servants; and they ate. Then they rose up, and went away that night.

What each tradition says

Rabbinic / Midrashic

Emil G. Hirsch holds that 1 Samuel 28 describes a supernatural appearance. The repeated emphasis that Samuel had died and been buried discredits the idea that he was still living when summoned. Still, he was invoked during the first twelve months after his death, when the Rabbis said the spirit still hovers near the body.

Emil G. Hirsch, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1905), art. “Endor, the Witch of”In Rabbinical Literature

Patristic

Tertullian says the Pythonic or ventriloquistic spirit was permitted to represent the soul of Samuel when Saul consulted the dead after losing God. He denies that a demon could drag out the soul of any saint, much less a prophet, from its resting-place in Hades.

Tertullian, A Treatise on the Soul (Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 3)Ch. 57

Catholic

Majority view

Haydock says the more common opinion of the holy fathers and interpreters is that Samuel's soul truly appeared, not an evil spirit in his shape. He explains that her magic could not bring Samuel; rather, God willed it, for Saul's punishment, that Samuel himself announce the evils coming upon him.

George Leo Haydock, George Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary (1859)On 1 Samuel 28:14

Orthodox

No sourced position found. Checked archive.org for a public-domain English Theophylact or Euthymius Zigabenus commentary (none); Philaret’s Longer Catechism and the Acts of the Synod of Jerusalem (dogmatic); pravoslavieto.com (no English commentary on 1 Samuel 28). No Eastern treatment of the apparition found.

Reformed / Protestant

According to Gill, what appeared was not Samuel but a diabolical spectre or apparition, the devil in Samuel's form, mimicking him. It was one of the deceiving spirits Porphyry describes, which appear in various shapes and pretend to be gods, demons, or souls of the dead. Some call it the woman's imposture or a confederate, but Gill calls this improbable.

John Gill, John Gill’s Exposition of the Whole BibleOn 1 Samuel 28:14

Evangelical

John Wesley takes the text's words to mean that the woman actually saw Samuel, not the spirit she expected. He says God ordered it this way for his own glory.

John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old TestamentNote on 1 Samuel 28:12