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The Gerasene demoniac

Whether the healed man was one, as Mark and Luke report, or two, as Matthew does.

Matthew 8:28-34

28When he came to the other side, into the country of the Gergesenes, two people possessed by demons met him there, coming out of the tombs, exceedingly fierce, so that nobody could pass that way.

29Behold, they cried out, saying, “What do we have to do with you, Jesus, Son of God? Have you come here to torment us before the time?”

30Now there was a herd of many pigs feeding far away from them.

31The demons begged him, saying, “If you cast us out, permit us to go away into the herd of pigs.”

32He said to them, “Go!” They came out, and went into the herd of pigs: and behold, the whole herd of pigs rushed down the cliff into the sea, and died in the water.

33Those who fed them fled, and went away into the city, and told everything, including what happened to those who were possessed with demons.

34Behold, all the city came out to meet Jesus. When they saw him, they begged that he would depart from their borders.

Mark 5:1-20

1They came to the other side of the sea, into the country of the Gadarenes.

2When he had come out of the boat, immediately a man with an unclean spirit met him out of the tombs.

3He lived in the tombs. Nobody could bind him any more, not even with chains,

4because he had been often bound with fetters and chains, and the chains had been torn apart by him, and the fetters broken in pieces. Nobody had the strength to tame him.

5Always, night and day, in the tombs and in the mountains, he was crying out, and cutting himself with stones.

6When he saw Jesus from afar, he ran and bowed down to him,

7and crying out with a loud voice, he said, “What have I to do with you, Jesus, you Son of the Most High God? I adjure you by God, don’t torment me.”

8For he said to him, “Come out of the man, you unclean spirit!”

9He asked him, “What is your name?” He said to him, “My name is Legion, for we are many.”

10He begged him much that he would not send them away out of the country.

11Now on the mountainside there was a great herd of pigs feeding.

12All the demons begged him, saying, “Send us into the pigs, that we may enter into them.”

13At once Jesus gave them permission. The unclean spirits came out and entered into the pigs. The herd of about two thousand rushed down the steep bank into the sea, and they were drowned in the sea.

14Those who fed them fled, and told it in the city and in the country. The people came to see what it was that had happened.

15They came to Jesus, and saw him who had been possessed by demons sitting, clothed, and in his right mind, even him who had the legion; and they were afraid.

16Those who saw it declared to them what happened to him who was possessed by demons, and about the pigs.

17They began to beg him to depart from their region.

18As he was entering into the boat, he who had been possessed by demons begged him that he might be with him.

19He didn’t allow him, but said to him, “Go to your house, to your friends, and tell them what great things the Lord has done for you, and how he had mercy on you.”

20He went his way, and began to proclaim in Decapolis how Jesus had done great things for him, and everyone marveled.

What each tradition says

Rabbinic / Midrashic

No sourced position found. Checked the Jewish Encyclopedia (articles 'Jesus', 'Gospel', 'Demons': no treatment of the Gadarene scene), Sefaria's Midrash Rabbah / Targum Jonathan / Rashi (no Gospels material) — no rabbinic statement on Matt. viii. 28-34 / Mark v. 1-20 found.

Patristic

Augustine suggests we may suppose that one of the parties was a person of some superior notability and repute, whose case that district particularly lamented and for whose deliverance there was special anxiety. He offers this as a supposition, not a settled claim.

Augustine of Hippo (354-430), On the Harmony of the Gospels, Book II (trans. S. D. F. Salmond), in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ser. 1, vol. 6 (New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888)Book II, ch. 24, §56 ('Of the Lord's Crossing the Lake... and of the Consistency of the Accounts...')

Catholic

George J. Reid states that numerous and at times considerable differences exist between the four canonical Gospels. He says this has long been noticed and that all scholars readily admit it.

George J. Reid, The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company), vol. 6, s.v. 'Gospel and Gospels'article 'Gospel and Gospels', section 'Divergences of the gospels'

Orthodox

No sourced position found. Checked John Chrysostom, Homilies on St. Matthew (NPNF ser. 1 vol. 10, Homilies XXVIII-XXIX on Matt. viii. 23-ix. 8: the healing is treated but the one-vs-two discrepancy is never raised), John of Damascus and the NPNF ser. 2 vol. 9 corpus (no Gospel-harmony material), pravoslavieto.com and the Synod of Jerusalem 1899 — no statement on the numerical difference found.

Reformed / Protestant

Calvin finds probability in Augustine’s conjecture that there were two demoniacs. Augustine accounts for only one being mentioned by saying that this one was more generally known, and that the aggravation of his disease made the miracle performed on him the more remarkable.

John Calvin (1509-1564), Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, vol. 1 (trans. William Pringle; Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1845)Commentary on Matthew 8:28 ('Two demoniacs met him')

Evangelical

Albert Barnes acknowledges that this difference has caused considerable difficulty. He observes that neither Mark nor Luke say there was no more than one; for particular reasons they might have focused attention on the one who was more notorious, furious, and difficult to manage.

Albert Barnes (1798-1870), Notes on the New Testament, Explanatory and Practical (enlarged ed. by Robert Frew; Edinburgh: Blackie & Son, 1884)Notes on Matthew 8:28 ('There met him two')

Evangelical

Adam Clarke notes that Mark and Luke mention only one demoniac. That one, he suggests, was probably the fiercer of the two.

Adam Clarke (c. 1760-1832), The Holy Bible... with a Commentary and Critical Notes (1810-1826; 'Adam Clarke Bible Commentary')Commentary on Matthew 8:28 ('Two possessed with devils')