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The Gibeonites' covenant

Whether the oath sworn by deception binds, and why its breach brings famine generations later.

Joshua 9:3-27

3But when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard what Joshua had done to Jericho and to Ai,

4they also resorted to a ruse, and went and made as if they had been ambassadors, and took old sacks on their donkeys, and old, torn-up and bound up wine skins,

5and old and patched sandals on their feet, and wore old garments. All the bread of their food supply was dry and moldy.

6They went to Joshua at the camp at Gilgal, and said to him and to the men of Israel, “We have come from a far country. Now therefore make a covenant with us.”

7The men of Israel said to the Hivites, “What if you live among us? How could we make a covenant with you?”

8They said to Joshua, “We are your servants.” Joshua said to them, “Who are you? Where do you come from?”

9They said to him, “Your servants have come from a very far country because of the name of Yahweh your God; for we have heard of his fame, all that he did in Egypt,

10and all that he did to the two kings of the Amorites who were beyond the Jordan, to Sihon king of Heshbon and to Og king of Bashan, who was at Ashtaroth.

11Our elders and all the inhabitants of our country spoke to us, saying, ‘Take supplies in your hand for the journey, and go to meet them. Tell them, “We are your servants. Now make a covenant with us.” ’

12This our bread we took hot for our supplies out of our houses on the day we went out to go to you; but now, behold, it is dry, and has become moldy.

13These wine skins, which we filled, were new; and behold, they are torn. These our garments and our sandals have become old because of the very long journey.”

14The men sampled their provisions, and didn’t ask counsel from Yahweh’s mouth.

15Joshua made peace with them, and made a covenant with them, to let them live. The princes of the congregation swore to them.

16At the end of three days after they had made a covenant with them, they heard that they were their neighbors, and that they lived among them.

17The children of Israel traveled and came to their cities on the third day. Now their cities were Gibeon, Chephirah, Beeroth, and Kiriath Jearim.

18The children of Israel didn’t strike them, because the princes of the congregation had sworn to them by Yahweh, the God of Israel. All the congregation murmured against the princes.

19But all the princes said to all the congregation, “We have sworn to them by Yahweh, the God of Israel. Now therefore we may not touch them.

20We will do this to them, and let them live; lest wrath be on us, because of the oath which we swore to them.”

21The princes said to them, “Let them live.” So they became wood cutters and drawers of water for all the congregation, as the princes had spoken to them.

22Joshua called for them, and he spoke to them, saying, “Why have you deceived us, saying, ‘We are very far from you,’ when you live among us?

23Now therefore you are cursed, and some of you will never fail to be slaves, both wood cutters and drawers of water for the house of my God.”

24They answered Joshua, and said, “Because your servants were certainly told how Yahweh your God commanded his servant Moses to give you all the land, and to destroy all the inhabitants of the land from before you. Therefore we were very afraid for our lives because of you, and have done this thing.

25Now, behold, we are in your hand. Do to us as it seems good and right to you to do.”

26He did so to them, and delivered them out of the hand of the children of Israel, so that they didn’t kill them.

27That day Joshua made them wood cutters and drawers of water for the congregation and for Yahweh’s altar to this day, in the place which he should choose.

2 Samuel 21:1-6

1There was a famine in the days of David for three years, year after year; and David sought the face of Yahweh. Yahweh said, “It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he put the Gibeonites to death.”

2The king called the Gibeonites, and said to them (now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites, and the children of Israel had sworn to them; and Saul sought to kill them in his zeal for the children of Israel and Judah);

3and David said to the Gibeonites, “What should I do for you? And with what should I make atonement, that you may bless Yahweh’s inheritance?”

4The Gibeonites said to him, “It is no matter of silver or gold between us and Saul, or his house; neither is it for us to put any man to death in Israel.” He said, “I will do for you whatever you say.”

5They said to the king, “The man who consumed us, and who devised against us, that we should be destroyed from remaining in any of the borders of Israel,

6let seven men of his sons be delivered to us, and we will hang them up to Yahweh in Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of Yahweh.” The king said, “I will give them.”

What each tradition says

Rabbinic / Midrashic

Joshua granted the Gibeonites an alliance, and a covenant was drawn up before it was found out that they resided in the immediate neighborhood. Although the covenant was kept, they were punished by being made hewers of wood and drawers of water for the whole congregation (Josh. 9:3-27).

Emil G. Hirsch, Frants Buhl, Joseph Jacobs, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906), article "Gibeon and Gibeonites"Article "Gibeon and Gibeonites", biblical section

Patristic

No sourced position found. Checked CCEL NPNF 1/6, 1/10 and 1/14 full texts for "Gibeon"/"Gabaon" — the only occurrence (Chrysostom, Homily 8 on Matthew) concerns prophecy fulfilled in Canaan's descendants, not the covenant or oath; no patristic treatment of Joshua 9 found.

Catholic

Haydock holds that a contract made with someone pretending to belong to a nation not his own still stands. The Gibeonites' deceit was punished as it deserved, yet God required the terms granted them to be carefully kept; Saul's family was severely punished because he killed some of them.

George Leo Haydock, George Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary (1859)On Joshua 9:15 (the entry is carried on the Joshua 9:14 page)

Orthodox

No sourced position found. Checked archive.org for a public-domain English Eastern commentary covering Joshua (Theodoret/Cyril: modern translations only; Theophylact/Euthymius: none in English); no orthodox comment on the Gibeonite oath found.

Reformed / Protestant

Matthew Henry states that the oath being lawful, both the princes and the people for whom they transacted were bound by it—bound in conscience and honor to the God of Israel, by whom they had sworn. If they violated it, God's name would have been blasphemed by the Canaanites.

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Volume II (Joshua to Esther; Christian Classics Ethereal Library)On Joshua 9:19-20

Evangelical

John Wesley held that this league was lawful and obliging. He says this appears because Joshua and all the princes, upon review, concluded it was so and spared them, and because God punished the violation of it long after (2Samuel 21:1).

John Wesley, John Wesley's Notes on the Bible (Wesley Center Online)On Joshua 9:15