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The intermediate state

Whether the dead are conscious or asleep between death and resurrection.

Luke 16:19-31

19“Now there was a certain rich man, and he was clothed in purple and fine linen, living in luxury every day.

20A certain beggar, named Lazarus, was taken to his gate, full of sores,

21and desiring to be fed with the crumbs that fell from the rich man’s table. Yes, even the dogs came and licked his sores.

22The beggar died, and he was carried away by the angels to Abraham’s bosom. The rich man also died, and was buried.

23In Hades, he lifted up his eyes, being in torment, and saw Abraham far off, and Lazarus at his bosom.

24He cried and said, ‘Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue! For I am in anguish in this flame.’

25“But Abraham said, ‘Son, remember that you, in your lifetime, received your good things, and Lazarus, in the same way, bad things. But here he is now comforted, and you are in anguish.

26Besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, that those who want to pass from here to you are not able, and that no one may cross over from there to us.’

27“He said, ‘I ask you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father’s house;

28for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, so they won’t also come into this place of torment.’

29“But Abraham said to him, ‘They have Moses and the prophets. Let them listen to them.’

30“He said, ‘No, father Abraham, but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.’

31“He said to him, ‘If they don’t listen to Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded if one rises from the dead.’ ”

2 Corinthians 5:1-8

1For we know that if the earthly house of our tent is dissolved, we have a building from God, a house not made with hands, eternal, in the heavens.

2For most certainly in this we groan, longing to be clothed with our habitation which is from heaven,

3if indeed being clothed, we will not be found naked.

4For indeed we who are in this tent do groan, being burdened, not that we desire to be unclothed, but that we desire to be clothed, that what is mortal may be swallowed up by life.

5Now he who made us for this very thing is God, who also gave to us the down payment of the Spirit.

6Therefore we are always confident and know that while we are at home in the body, we are absent from the Lord;

7for we walk by faith, not by sight.

8We are courageous, I say, and are willing rather to be absent from the body and to be at home with the Lord.

What each tradition says

Rabbinic / Midrashic

Kohler states that when the spirit or breath of God, which keeps body and soul together, is taken away or returns to God, the soul descends to Sheol or Hades. There it leads a shadowy existence without life and consciousness.

Kaufmann Kohler, Immortality of the Soul (The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906)Hellenistic View (on the soul in Sheol after death)

Patristic

Augustine says that when souls leave this world they receive different fates: the good have joy, and the evil have torments. At the resurrection, both are intensified—the good’s joy becomes fuller and the wicked’s torments heavier, as they are tormented in the body.

Augustine, Homilies on the Gospel of John, Tractate XLIX (NPNF ser. 1, vol. 7)Tractate XLIX on John 11, §10 (the rich man and Lazarus)

Catholic

Thomas Aquinas holds that souls with a perfect share of the Godhead are in heaven. Souls deprived of that share are assigned to a contrary place.

Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, Supplement (Second and Revised Edition, 1920)Suppl. Q. 69, art. 2 (whether souls are conveyed to heaven or hell immediately after death)

Orthodox

Chrysostom says death itself is neither good nor an evil; the evil is to be punished after death. The good is not death but, after our departure, to be with Christ.

John Chrysostom, Homilies on Philippians (NPNF ser. 1, vol. 13, trans. Gross Alexander)Homily IV on Philippians i. 22-26

Reformed / Protestant

Calvin says the details of Luke 16—fingers, eyes, thirst, and conversation—are not literal, but a picture Jesus used to represent the life to come according to our capacity. The general truth is that believing souls, after leaving their bodies, lead a joyful and blessed life out of this world.

John Calvin, Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, vol. 2 (Calvin Translation Society)Comment on Luke 16:23 (on Hades and Abraham's bosom)

Evangelical

John Wesley explains that the beggar died and was carried by angels into Abraham’s bosom. He says the Jews called this paradise, the place where the souls of good men remain from death to the resurrection.

John Wesley, Wesley's Notes on the Bible, Luke (Wesley Center Online)Notes on Luke 16:22-23 (Abraham's bosom)