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The suffering servant

The servant — Israel, a righteous remnant, a prophet, or the Messiah; the reading traditions differ, and the Ethiopian official asks the question in Acts 8:32-35.

Isaiah 52:13-53:12

13Behold, my servant will deal wisely. He will be exalted and lifted up, and will be very high.

14Just as many were astonished at you— his appearance was marred more than any man, and his form more than the sons of men—

15so he will cleanse many nations. Kings will shut their mouths at him; for they will see that which had not been told them, and they will understand that which they had not heard.

1Who has believed our message? To whom has Yahweh’s arm been revealed?

2For he grew up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of dry ground. He has no good looks or majesty. When we see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.

3He was despised and rejected by men, a man of suffering and acquainted with disease. He was despised as one from whom men hide their face; and we didn’t respect him.

4Surely he has borne our sickness and carried our suffering; yet we considered him plagued, struck by God, and afflicted.

5But he was pierced for our transgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities. The punishment that brought our peace was on him; and by his wounds we are healed.

6All we like sheep have gone astray. Everyone has turned to his own way; and Yahweh has laid on him the iniquity of us all.

7He was oppressed, yet when he was afflicted he didn’t open his mouth. As a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is silent, so he didn’t open his mouth.

8He was taken away by oppression and judgment. As for his generation, who considered that he was cut off out of the land of the living and stricken for the disobedience of my people?

9They made his grave with the wicked, and with a rich man in his death, although he had done no violence, nor was any deceit in his mouth.

10Yet it pleased Yahweh to bruise him. He has caused him to suffer. When you make his soul an offering for sin, he will see his offspring. He will prolong his days and Yahweh’s pleasure will prosper in his hand.

11After the suffering of his soul, he will see the light and be satisfied. My righteous servant will justify many by the knowledge of himself; and he will bear their iniquities.

12Therefore I will give him a portion with the great. He will divide the plunder with the strong; because he poured out his soul to death and was counted with the transgressors; yet he bore the sins of many and made intercession for the transgressors.

What each tradition says

Rabbinic / Midrashic

Targum Jonathan identifies the servant in Isaiah 52:13 as the messiah. According to this source, the messiah shall prosper, be exalted and extolled, and be very strong.

Targum Jonathan (the Aramaic Targum of the Prophets), Targum Jonathan on Isaiah (trans. 'Chaldee Paraphrase,' London, 1871)On Isaiah 52:13

Rabbinic / Midrashic

Rashi identifies the servant as Jacob, meaning the righteous among him. He states that at the end of days this servant shall prosper.

Rashi (R. Shlomo Yitzhaki, 1040-1105), Rashi on Isaiah (The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, trans. A. J. Rosenberg)Comment on Isaiah 52:13

Patristic

Irenaeus asks whether Philip, alone with the Ethiopian eunuch returning from Jerusalem, preached the one Isaiah spoke of. He was led as a sheep to the slaughter and as a lamb dumb before the shearer, so he opened not his mouth.

Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 130-c. 202), Against Heresies, Book III, ch. 12, in Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1 (Buffalo: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885)Book III, ch. 12, §8 (Philip and the Ethiopian eunuch)

Catholic

In the light of Christian revelation, the Catholic Encyclopedia sees all conflicting Messianic hopes and all prophetic visions realized and harmonized in Our Lord. He is at once the Suffering Servant and the Davidic King, the Judge of mankind and its Saviour, true Son of Man and God with us.

Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), article 'Messias', The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 10 (New York: Robert Appleton Company); New Advent editionArticle 'Messias', on the Servant of Jahveh in Isaias

Orthodox

Gregory of Nazianzus says the one led as a sheep and silent as a Lamb is the Shepherd of Israel and now of the whole world, the Word proclaimed by the Voice of one crying in the wilderness. He is bruised and wounded, yet heals every disease and infirmity.

Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 329-390), The Third Theological Oration (Oration 29), in NPNF ser. 2, vol. 7 (New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1893)Oration XXIX, §20 (the theanthropic paradoxes)

Reformed / Protestant

Calvin says Christ is called God’s “Servant” because of the office committed to him. Christ is not a private individual but holds the office the Father appointed him to, as leader of the people and restorer of all things, so whatever he affirms about himself belongs also to us.

John Calvin (1509-1564), Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Isaiah, vol. 4 (trans. William Pringle; Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1853)Commentary on Isaiah 52:13

Evangelical

Near-universal

Albert Barnes states this quotation is taken literally from the Septuagint and varies very little from the Hebrew. He says it has been almost universally understood that this place refers to the Messiah, and that Philip expressly applies it to him.

Albert Barnes (1798-1870), Notes on the New Testament, Explanatory and Practical (enlarged ed. by Robert Frew; CCEL carries the Baker reprint)Note on Acts 8:32 (the Ethiopian eunuch reading Isaiah 53:7-8)