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Jacob's stolen blessing

Whether Jacob's deception is blameworthy theft or the vehicle of a promised election.

Genesis 27:1-40

1When Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his elder son, and said to him, “My son?” He said to him, “Here I am.”

2He said, “See now, I am old. I don’t know the day of my death.

3Now therefore, please take your weapons, your quiver and your bow, and go out to the field, and get me venison.

4Make me savory food, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat, and that my soul may bless you before I die.”

5Rebekah heard when Isaac spoke to Esau his son. Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it.

6Rebekah spoke to Jacob her son, saying, “Behold, I heard your father speak to Esau your brother, saying,

7‘Bring me venison, and make me savory food, that I may eat, and bless you before Yahweh before my death.’

8Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that which I command you.

9Go now to the flock and get me two good young goats from there. I will make them savory food for your father, such as he loves.

10You shall bring it to your father, that he may eat, so that he may bless you before his death.”

11Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, “Behold, Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man.

12What if my father touches me? I will seem to him as a deceiver, and I would bring a curse on myself, and not a blessing.”

13His mother said to him, “Let your curse be on me, my son. Only obey my voice, and go get them for me.”

14He went, and got them, and brought them to his mother. His mother made savory food, such as his father loved.

15Rebekah took the good clothes of Esau, her elder son, which were with her in the house, and put them on Jacob, her younger son.

16She put the skins of the young goats on his hands, and on the smooth of his neck.

17She gave the savory food and the bread, which she had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob.

18He came to his father, and said, “My father?” He said, “Here I am. Who are you, my son?”

19Jacob said to his father, “I am Esau your firstborn. I have done what you asked me to do. Please arise, sit and eat of my venison, that your soul may bless me.”

20Isaac said to his son, “How is it that you have found it so quickly, my son?” He said, “Because Yahweh your God gave me success.”

21Isaac said to Jacob, “Please come near, that I may feel you, my son, whether you are really my son Esau or not.”

22Jacob went near to Isaac his father. He felt him, and said, “The voice is Jacob’s voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau.”

23He didn’t recognize him, because his hands were hairy, like his brother, Esau’s hands. So he blessed him.

24He said, “Are you really my son Esau?” He said, “I am.”

25He said, “Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son’s venison, that my soul may bless you.” He brought it near to him, and he ate. He brought him wine, and he drank.

26His father Isaac said to him, “Come near now, and kiss me, my son.”

27He came near, and kissed him. He smelled the smell of his clothing, and blessed him, and said, “Behold, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which Yahweh has blessed.

28God give you of the dew of the sky, of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of grain and new wine.

29Let peoples serve you, and nations bow down to you. Be lord over your brothers. Let your mother’s sons bow down to you. Cursed be everyone who curses you. Blessed be everyone who blesses you.”

30As soon as Isaac had finished blessing Jacob, and Jacob had just gone out from the presence of Isaac his father, Esau his brother came in from his hunting.

31He also made savory food, and brought it to his father. He said to his father, “Let my father arise, and eat of his son’s venison, that your soul may bless me.”

32Isaac his father said to him, “Who are you?” He said, “I am your son, your firstborn, Esau.”

33Isaac trembled violently, and said, “Who, then, is he who has taken venison, and brought it to me, and I have eaten of all before you came, and have blessed him? Yes, he will be blessed.”

34When Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with an exceedingly great and bitter cry, and said to his father, “Bless me, even me also, my father.”

35He said, “Your brother came with deceit, and has taken away your blessing.”

36He said, “Isn’t he rightly named Jacob? For he has supplanted me these two times. He took away my birthright. See, now he has taken away my blessing.” He said, “Haven’t you reserved a blessing for me?”

37Isaac answered Esau, “Behold, I have made him your lord, and all his brothers I have given to him for servants. I have sustained him with grain and new wine. What then will I do for you, my son?”

38Esau said to his father, “Do you have just one blessing, my father? Bless me, even me also, my father.” Esau lifted up his voice, and wept.

39Isaac his father answered him, “Behold, your dwelling will be of the fatness of the earth, and of the dew of the sky from above.

40You will live by your sword, and you will serve your brother. It will happen, when you will break loose, that you will shake his yoke from off your neck.”

What each tradition says

Rabbinic / Midrashic

The Rabbis attempted to explain that Jacob did not intend to deceive his father by saying, “I am Esau thy first-born.” He meant that he was the one whose children would accept the Decalogue beginning with “I” (anoki), while Esau was the first-born.

Emil G. Hirsch; M. Seligsohn; Solomon Schechter; Julius H. Greenstone, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1905), art. "Jacob"Section 'In Rabbinical Literature'

Patristic

Augustine says Jacob's guile should not be thought fraudulent; instead, we should seek in it the mystery of a great thing. He points to Scripture's prediction just before: Esau was a cunning hunter and a man of the field, and Jacob was a simple man, dwelling at home.

Augustine, The City of God (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 2; Marcus Dods trans.)Book XVI, ch. 37

Catholic

Thomas Aquinas, following Augustine, holds that Holy Writ relates the deeds of certain persons as examples of perfect virtue, and such persons must not be believed to have been liars. If any of their statements appear untruthful, they are to be understood as figurative and prophetic.

Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae (Fathers of the English Dominican Province trans., second and revised edition)II-II, q. 110, a. 3, ad 3

Orthodox

No sourced position found. Checked Philaret's Longer Catechism (pravoslavieto.com) — no passage commentary on Genesis; an archive.org search for a public-domain English Theophylact or Euthymius Zigabenus commentary on Genesis found only Greek, Latin, and German editions. No PD English Eastern treatment of Jacob's deception located.

Reformed / Protestant

Calvin observes that Jacob, once timid and anxious, now confidently and audaciously lies. This teaches that transgressing the proper bounds of duty leads to unmeasured license, so each should keep within divinely prescribed limits, lest attempting more than lawful opens the door to Satan.

John Calvin, John Calvin's Bible Commentary (Calvin Translation Society)On Genesis 27:19

Evangelical

John Wesley observes that although a blessing came upon Jacob’s posterity through his vile lying and dissimulation, it brought heavy affliction upon Jacob himself for a long term of years. Wesley says God severely punished him personally for doing evil that good might come.

John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old TestamentNote on Genesis 27:46