The quotation 'of Jeremiah'
The potter-field quotation matches Zechariah 11:12-13 but is attributed to Jeremiah — a composite citation, or Jeremiah as the head of the prophetic scroll.
Matthew 27:9-10
9Then that which was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled, saying, “They took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him upon whom a price had been set, whom some of the children of Israel priced,
10and they gave them for the potter’s field, as the Lord commanded me.”
Zechariah 11:12-13
12I said to them, “If you think it best, give me my wages; and if not, keep them.” So they weighed for my wages thirty pieces of silver.
13Yahweh said to me, “Throw it to the potter, the handsome price that I was valued at by them!” I took the thirty pieces of silver, and threw them to the potter, in Yahweh’s house.
What each tradition says
Rabbinic / Midrashic
Toy and Kohler say Matthew, as he often does, refers Zechariah 11:12–13 to the narrated event as a typical prophecy. They observe that this passage is strangely confused with Jeremiah 18:2 and 32:6 et seq.
Crawford Howell Toy (1836-1919) and Kaufmann Kohler (1843-1926), The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901-1906), s.v. 'Judas Iscariot' — section 'The End of Judas', paragraph on the potter's field and Zech. xi
Patristic
Augustine holds that Matthew rightly left his attribution as written, trusting the Holy Spirit’s guidance, so we may understand that the prophets agree so completely that it is not absurd but most consistent to credit Jeremiah with a sentence Zechariah originally spoke.
Augustine of Hippo (354-430), The Harmony of the Gospels (trans. S. D. F. Salmond), in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ser. 1, vol. 6 (ed. Philip Schaff; Buffalo: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888) — Book III, ch. 7, §30 (on Matt. 27:9-10)
Catholic
Jerome states that this is not found at all in Jeremiah. Instead, something like it is told in Zechariah, the last but one of the twelve Prophets, though the sense is not very different while the arrangement and the words are different.
Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274), compiler, quoting Jerome (c. 347-420), Catena Aurea: Commentary on the Four Gospels, Collected out of the Works of the Fathers, vol. 1: St. Matthew (trans. John Henry Newman et al.; Oxford: John Henry Parker, 1841) — on Matt. 27:9, gloss of Jerome
Orthodox
Eusebius notes that this passage is not found in Jeremiah. He suggests considering whether it was removed with evil intent or whether a careless transcriber of the Gospels mistakenly wrote Jeremiah instead of Zechariah, where Zechariah should have been copied.
Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260-c. 340), The Proof of the Gospel, being the Demonstratio Evangelica (trans. W. J. Ferrar; London: SPCK, 1920), Book X — Book X, ch. 4 (on Zech. 11:12-13 and Matt. 27:9-10)
Reformed / Protestant
Calvin confesses he does not know how the name of Jeremiah crept in and does not trouble himself much to inquire. He says the passage plainly shows Jeremiah was put down by mistake instead of Zechariah 11:13, since nothing of this sort, or even approaching it, is found in Jeremiah.
John Calvin (1509-1564), Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, vol. 3 (trans. William Pringle; Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1846; CCEL text) — Commentary on Matthew 27:9
Evangelical
Barnes says the quoted words are not found in Jeremiah; similar words appear in Zechariah 11:12–13, from which the quotation was doubtless made. He notes much difficulty has been experienced in explaining this quotation, and that ancient Jewish writers reckoned Jeremiah first of the prophets, placing him first in the Book of the Prophets.
Albert Barnes (1798-1870), Notes on the New Testament, Explanatory and Practical, enlarged type ed., ed. Robert Frew (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House; CCEL text) — note on Matthew 27:9