Polygamy
Whether the patriarchs' and kings' many wives are tolerated, regulated, or condemned by the law and the narrative's verdict.
1 Kings 11:1-8
1Now king Solomon loved many foreign women, together with the daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians, and Hittites;
2of the nations concerning which Yahweh said to the children of Israel, “You shall not go among them, neither shall they come among you; for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods.” Solomon joined to these in love.
3He had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines. His wives turned his heart away.
4When Solomon was old, his wives turned away his heart after other gods; and his heart was not perfect with Yahweh his God, as the heart of David his father was.
5For Solomon went after Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians, and after Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites.
6Solomon did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and didn’t go fully after Yahweh, as David his father did.
7Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the abomination of Moab, on the mountain that is before Jerusalem, and for Molech the abomination of the children of Ammon.
8So he did for all his foreign wives, who burned incense and sacrificed to their gods.
What each tradition says
Rabbinic / Midrashic
The Law regulated and limited this usage, while the Prophets and the scribes looked upon it with disfavor. Still, its existence had to be recognized, and not until late was it completely abolished.
Executive Committee of the Editorial Board; Julius H. Greenstone, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1905), art. "Polygamy" — Opening paragraph
Patristic
Augustine says the chastity of holy men who are said to have had several wives is shown by the fact that Solomon, who gratified his passions through polygamy rather than seeking offspring, is expressly charged as a lover of women. This, as truth accepting no man's person informs us, led him down into the abyss of idolatry.
Augustine, Contra Faustum (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 4; Richard Stothert trans.) — Book XXII, ch. 81
Catholic
Aquinas states that a dispensation in this matter could be granted by God alone, through inward inspiration first given to the holy patriarchs and then continued to others by their example. This occurred when the precept was not to be observed, in order to ensure the multiplication of offspring brought up in the worship of God.
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae (Fathers of the English Dominican Province trans., second and revised edition) — Supplement, q. 65, a. 2
Orthodox
No sourced position found. Checked Philaret's Longer Catechism (Blackmore trans., pravoslavieto.com): the Matrimony section (Q. 361-363) and the Seventh Commandment (Q. 584-591) state no position on polygamy; an archive.org search for a public-domain English Theophylact of Ohrid or Euthymius Zigabenus commentary found only Greek, Latin, and German editions. No PD English Eastern treatment of Solomon's wives located.
Reformed / Protestant
Matthew Henry says there is no more melancholy and astonishing instance of human depravity in Scripture than this record. Solomon became a public worshipper of abominable idols; Henry suggests he probably gave way by degrees to pride and luxury and thus lost his relish for true wisdom.
Matthew Henry, Matthew Henry Commentary on the Whole Bible — On 1 Kings 11:1-8
Evangelical
Wesley reads Solomon’s many wives as a breach of God’s law forbidding kings to multiply wives. He also notes Solomon married foreign women from nations God had expressly forbidden. David set the example, and Wesley says one ill act of a good man may do more mischief than twenty of a wicked man.
John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament — Note on 1 Kings 11:3