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The ordeal of jealousy

A judgment enacted on the wife's body, a protective limit on a husband's suspicion, or a rite the rabbinic sources record as suspended.

Numbers 5:11-31

11Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

12“Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them: ‘If any man’s wife goes astray and is unfaithful to him,

13and a man lies with her carnally, and it is hidden from the eyes of her husband and this is kept concealed, and she is defiled, there is no witness against her, and she isn’t taken in the act;

14and the spirit of jealousy comes on him, and he is jealous of his wife and she is defiled; or if the spirit of jealousy comes on him, and he is jealous of his wife and she isn’t defiled;

15then the man shall bring his wife to the priest, and shall bring her offering for her: one tenth of an ephah of barley meal. He shall pour no oil on it, nor put frankincense on it, for it is a meal offering of jealousy, a meal offering of memorial, bringing iniquity to memory.

16The priest shall bring her near, and set her before Yahweh.

17The priest shall take holy water in an earthen vessel; and the priest shall take some of the dust that is on the floor of the tabernacle and put it into the water.

18The priest shall set the woman before Yahweh, and let the hair of the woman’s head go loose, and put the meal offering of memorial in her hands, which is the meal offering of jealousy. The priest shall have in his hand the water of bitterness that brings a curse.

19The priest shall cause her to take an oath and shall tell the woman, “If no man has lain with you, and if you haven’t gone aside to uncleanness, being under your husband’s authority, be free from this water of bitterness that brings a curse.

20But if you have gone astray, being under your husband’s authority, and if you are defiled, and some man has lain with you besides your husband—”

21then the priest shall cause the woman to swear with the oath of cursing, and the priest shall tell the woman, “May Yahweh make you a curse and an oath among your people, when Yahweh allows your thigh to fall away, and your body to swell;

22and this water that brings a curse will go into your bowels, and make your body swell, and your thigh fall away.” The woman shall say, “Amen, Amen.”

23“ ‘The priest shall write these curses in a book, and he shall wipe them into the water of bitterness.

24He shall make the woman drink the water of bitterness that causes the curse; and the water that causes the curse shall enter into her and become bitter.

25The priest shall take the meal offering of jealousy out of the woman’s hand, and shall wave the meal offering before Yahweh, and bring it to the altar.

26The priest shall take a handful of the meal offering, as its memorial portion, and burn it on the altar, and afterward shall make the woman drink the water.

27When he has made her drink the water, then it shall happen, if she is defiled and has committed a trespass against her husband, that the water that causes the curse will enter into her and become bitter, and her body will swell, and her thigh will fall away; and the woman will be a curse among her people.

28If the woman isn’t defiled, but is clean; then she shall be free, and shall conceive offspring.

29“ ‘This is the law of jealousy, when a wife, being under her husband, goes astray, and is defiled,

30or when the spirit of jealousy comes on a man, and he is jealous of his wife; then he shall set the woman before Yahweh, and the priest shall execute on her all this law.

31The man shall be free from iniquity, and that woman shall bear her iniquity.’ ”

What each tradition says

Rabbinic / Midrashic

Amram states that the rabbinical interpretation of the law practically annulled the ordeal, and it soon fell into disuse. He reports that during the Roman invasion of Palestine and the last days of the commonwealth, the Sanhedrin under Johanan ben Zakkai abolished it entirely, as the Mishnah says it ceased when adulterers became numerous.

David Werner Amram (1869-1939), The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. 'Adultery' (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901-1906)section 'Ordeal Annulled'

Patristic

Ephrem says the congregation that committed fornication in the worship of the calf was caused to drink the water of ordeal. This was done so that the mark of adulteresses might appear in it.

Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306-373), Three Homilies, I: On Our Lord (trans. A. Edward Johnston), in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ser. 2, vol. 13: Gregory the Great (II), Ephraim Syrus, Aphrahat (New York: Christian Literature Co., 1898)On Our Lord, the closing passage on the golden calf (p. 308)

Catholic

Challoner states that this ordinance was designed to clear the innocent and to prevent jealous husbands from doing mischief to their wives. It was also meant to give all a horror of adultery by punishing it in so remarkable a manner.

Richard Challoner (1691-1781), in George Leo Haydock (1774-1849), George Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary (1859), note on Numbers 5:14note on Numbers 5:14, first paragraph (Challoner's gloss)

Orthodox

Theodoret says this very remarkable law of Moses suited the genius of his people. He holds that it tended greatly to restrain the infidelity of the married couple and the fury of suspicious husbands.

Theodoret of Cyr (c. 393-c. 458), cited in George Leo Haydock's commentary, Theodoret, Questions on Numbers, q. 10 — as rendered and attributed in George Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary (1859)note on Numbers 5:14, the sentence closing '(Theodoret, q. 10.)'

Reformed / Protestant

Calvin says the suspected wife must imprecate evil on herself, unlike those suspected of murder or other atrocious crimes, because no other offense is so easily concealed. This remedy against women's deceptions keeps them from growing hardened in cunning and evil arts, showing that God protects and safeguards the marriage bed.

John Calvin (1509-1564), Commentaries on the Four Last Books of Moses, Arranged in the Form of a Harmony, vol. 3 (trans. Charles William Bingham; Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society), on Numbers 5:11-31Commentary on Numbers 5:11-31, at the imprecation (vv. 19-22)

Evangelical

Wesley explains "blot them out" as scraping the curses out and casting them into the bitter water. This signified that if she was innocent, the curses would be blotted out and come to nothing; if guilty, she would find the water's effects in her after the curse's words had been scraped and put in.

John Wesley (1703-1791), Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765), on Numbers 5 — CCEL edition of Wesley's Notes on the BibleNote on Numbers 5:23