The two creation accounts
The opening accounts differ in order and emphasis — a six-day cosmic framework with humanity last, then a close-focus account with the man formed before the plants and animals; read as complementary perspectives, sequential tellings, or distinct sources.
Genesis 1:1-31
1In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.
2The earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep and God’s Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters.
3God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.
4God saw the light, and saw that it was good. God divided the light from the darkness.
5God called the light “day”, and the darkness he called “night”. There was evening and there was morning, the first day.
6God said, “Let there be an expanse in the middle of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.”
7God made the expanse, and divided the waters which were under the expanse from the waters which were above the expanse; and it was so.
8God called the expanse “sky”. There was evening and there was morning, a second day.
9God said, “Let the waters under the sky be gathered together to one place, and let the dry land appear;” and it was so.
10God called the dry land “earth”, and the gathering together of the waters he called “seas”. God saw that it was good.
11God said, “Let the earth yield grass, herbs yielding seeds, and fruit trees bearing fruit after their kind, with their seeds in it, on the earth;” and it was so.
12The earth yielded grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, with their seeds in it, after their kind; and God saw that it was good.
13There was evening and there was morning, a third day.
14God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs to mark seasons, days, and years;
15and let them be for lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth;” and it was so.
16God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He also made the stars.
17God set them in the expanse of the sky to give light to the earth,
18and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good.
19There was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.
20God said, “Let the waters abound with living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of the sky.”
21God created the large sea creatures and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. God saw that it was good.
22God blessed them, saying, “Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth.”
23There was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.
24God said, “Let the earth produce living creatures after their kind, livestock, creeping things, and animals of the earth after their kind;” and it was so.
25God made the animals of the earth after their kind, and the livestock after their kind, and everything that creeps on the ground after its kind. God saw that it was good.
26God said, “Let’s make man in our image, after our likeness. Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”
27God created man in his own image. In God’s image he created him; male and female he created them.
28God blessed them. God said to them, “Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
29God said, “Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree, which bears fruit yielding seed. It will be your food.
30To every animal of the earth, and to every bird of the sky, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food;” and it was so.
31God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. There was evening and there was morning, a sixth day.
Genesis 2:4-25
4This is the history of the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that Yahweh God made the earth and the heavens.
5No plant of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for Yahweh God had not caused it to rain on the earth. There was not a man to till the ground,
6but a mist went up from the earth, and watered the whole surface of the ground.
7Yahweh God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
8Yahweh God planted a garden eastward, in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.
9Out of the ground Yahweh God made every tree to grow that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food, including the tree of life in the middle of the garden and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
10A river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it was parted, and became the source of four rivers.
11The name of the first is Pishon: it flows through the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
12and the gold of that land is good. Bdellium and onyx stone are also there.
13The name of the second river is Gihon. It is the same river that flows through the whole land of Cush.
14The name of the third river is Hiddekel. This is the one which flows in front of Assyria. The fourth river is the Euphrates.
15Yahweh God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to cultivate and keep it.
16Yahweh God commanded the man, saying, “You may freely eat of every tree of the garden;
17but you shall not eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; for in the day that you eat of it, you will surely die.”
18Yahweh God said, “It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make him a helper comparable to him.”
19Out of the ground Yahweh God formed every animal of the field, and every bird of the sky, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. Whatever the man called every living creature became its name.
20The man gave names to all livestock, and to the birds of the sky, and to every animal of the field; but for man there was not found a helper comparable to him.
21Yahweh God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep. As the man slept, he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh in its place.
22Yahweh God made a woman from the rib which he had taken from the man, and brought her to the man.
23The man said, “This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. She will be called ‘woman,’ because she was taken out of Man.”
24Therefore a man will leave his father and his mother, and will join with his wife, and they will be one flesh.
25The man and his wife were both naked, and they were not ashamed.
What each tradition says
Rabbinic / Midrashic
According to Kohler and Hirsch, the oldest schools, the Hillelites and Shammaites, differed over whether the heavens (Gen. 1:1) or the earth (Gen. 2:4) was created first. The Shammaites decided the heavens were created first, while the Hillelites maintained the contrary contention.
Kaufmann Kohler (1843-1926) and Emil G. Hirsch (1851-1923), The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 4, s.v. 'Cosmogony' (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901-1906) — section 'In Post-Biblical Literature', opening paragraph
Patristic
Theophilus says Scripture makes man's creation plain, so no insoluble problem remains: after God said, "Let Us make man," the creation was not yet plainly related. Scripture teaches that a fountain watered the earth, and God made man from dust and breathed life into his face, and man became a living soul.
Theophilus of Antioch (fl. c. 180), To Autolycus, Book II (trans. Marcus Dods), in Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2 (Buffalo: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885) — Book II, ch. 19 ('Man is Placed in Paradise')
Patristic
Gregory of Nyssa says the Image of God, seen in universal humanity, had its consummation then, while Adam did not yet exist. The thing formed from the earth is called Adam, by etymological nomenclature, as those acquainted with Hebrew tell us.
Catholic
According to Driscoll, the Creation story is told twice, in the first chapter and again in the second. While the two accounts agree substantially, there is considerable divergence in the setting of the narrative and in the details.
James F. Driscoll, The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. 'Adam' (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907) — section 'Adam in the Old Testament'
Orthodox
John of Damascus says God creates man with His own hands, of a visible and invisible nature, after His own image and likeness. He forms man’s body from earth, and his reasoning and thinking soul.
John of Damascus (c. 675-749), An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith (trans. S. D. F. Salmond), in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ser. 2, vol. 9 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1898) — Book II, ch. 12 ('Concerning Man')
Reformed / Protestant
Calvin observes that the account now explains what was previously omitted in the creation of man: his body was taken out of the earth. It had earlier been said that he was formed after the image of God.
John Calvin (1509-1564), Commentaries on the First Book of Moses Called Genesis, vol. 1 (trans. John King; Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1847; CCEL text from the Baker reprint) — Commentary on Genesis 2:7
Evangelical
John Wesley describes Genesis 2 as an appendix to the creation history. It explains and enlarges on the part of that history that relates immediately to man.
John Wesley (1703-1791), Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765; CCEL's 'Wesley's Notes on the Bible') — note introducing Genesis 2