The water from the rock
Whether the two accounts of water from the rock report one event told twice or two separate events.
Numbers 20:1-13
1The children of Israel, even the whole congregation, came into the wilderness of Zin in the first month. The people stayed in Kadesh. Miriam died there, and was buried there.
2There was no water for the congregation; and they assembled themselves together against Moses and against Aaron.
3The people quarreled with Moses, and spoke, saying, “We wish that we had died when our brothers died before Yahweh!
4Why have you brought Yahweh’s assembly into this wilderness, that we should die there, we and our animals?
5Why have you made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in to this evil place? It is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink.”
6Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly to the door of the Tent of Meeting, and fell on their faces. Yahweh’s glory appeared to them.
7Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
8“Take the rod, and assemble the congregation, you, and Aaron your brother, and speak to the rock before their eyes, that it pour out its water. You shall bring water to them out of the rock; so you shall give the congregation and their livestock drink.”
9Moses took the rod from before Yahweh, as he commanded him.
10Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly together before the rock, and he said to them, “Hear now, you rebels! Shall we bring water out of this rock for you?”
11Moses lifted up his hand, and struck the rock with his rod twice, and water came out abundantly. The congregation and their livestock drank.
12Yahweh said to Moses and Aaron, “Because you didn’t believe in me, to sanctify me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore you shall not bring this assembly into the land which I have given them.”
13These are the waters of Meribah; because the children of Israel strove with Yahweh, and he was sanctified in them.
Exodus 17:1-7
1All the congregation of the children of Israel traveled from the wilderness of Sin, starting according to Yahweh’s commandment, and encamped in Rephidim; but there was no water for the people to drink.
2Therefore the people quarreled with Moses, and said, “Give us water to drink.” Moses said to them, “Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test Yahweh?”
3The people were thirsty for water there; so the people murmured against Moses, and said, “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us, our children, and our livestock with thirst?”
4Moses cried to Yahweh, saying, “What shall I do with these people? They are almost ready to stone me.”
5Yahweh said to Moses, “Walk on before the people, and take the elders of Israel with you, and take the rod in your hand with which you struck the Nile, and go.
6Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Horeb. You shall strike the rock, and water will come out of it, that the people may drink.” Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel.
7He called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, because the children of Israel quarreled, and because they tested Yahweh, saying, “Is Yahweh among us, or not?”
What each tradition says
Rabbinic / Midrashic
Singer and Lauterbach report that for Miriam’s sake a marvelous well accompanied the Israelites, a rock from which water flowed. This well disappeared after Miriam’s death (Ta’an. 9a).
Isidore Singer, Jacob Zallel Lauterbach, Miriam (Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906) — Article 'Miriam', on the well that accompanied Israel
Patristic
No sourced position found. Checked NPNF (Augustine, Enarrations on Psalm 78; Chrysostom, Homily 23 on 1 Corinthians) — both give only the rock/Christ typology, no treatment of the twofold account; Augustine's Quaestiones in Numeros q. 35 (on the twice-struck rock) is known only through Haydock's citation — no public-domain English translation exists; searched New Advent for Meribah/Rephidim. No father found stating whether the two accounts are one event or two.
Catholic
Haydock reports the Rabbins' saying that these waters never failed the Israelites until Mary's death, for whose sake they were given. They also say the bright cloud disappeared with Aaron and the manna at Moses' death.
George Leo Haydock, George Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary (1859) — On Exodus 17:6
Orthodox
No sourced position found. Checked archive.org (2026-09-14) — the only English Theophylact of Ohrid is the modern, still-copyrighted Chrysostom Press translation; Euthymius Zigabenus exists in Greek/Latin only; checked CCEL ANF/NPNF (no Eastern commentary on Exodus or Numbers), pravoslavieto.com (Bulgarian catalogue, no English verse commentary), Philaret's Longer Catechism and the Acts of the Synod of Jerusalem (doctrinal only). No Eastern treatment of the two water accounts found.
Reformed / Protestant
Gill says this rock, like the other at Horeb, was a type of Christ. Its smiting pictured Christ smitten with the rod of justice according to God’s law, and its abundant water pictured grace and blessings coming through a smitten, wounded Savior; Exodus 17:6 says the same of another rock, and both are types of Christ.
John Gill, John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible — On Numbers 20:11
Evangelical
Barnes says it is questioned whether the water supplied ceased with the immediate occasion. He cites 1 Corinthians 10:4, whose general meaning appears to be that their wants were ever supplied from Him, of whom the rock was a symbol, and who accompanied them in all their wanderings.
Albert Barnes, Albert Barnes' Bible Commentary — On Exodus 17:6