Wealth and discipleship
'Sell what you have' and the camel through the needle's eye beside wealthy believers addressed as such (with Deuteronomy 8:18 and Proverbs 10:22) — renunciation, stewardship and prosperity readings.
Mark 10:17-27
17As he was going out into the way, one ran to him, knelt before him, and asked him, “Good Teacher, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?”
18Jesus said to him, “Why do you call me good? No one is good except one—God.
19You know the commandments: ‘Do not murder,’ ‘Do not commit adultery,’ ‘Do not steal,’ ‘Do not give false testimony,’ ‘Do not defraud,’ ‘Honor your father and mother.’ ”
20He said to him, “Teacher, I have observed all these things from my youth.”
21Jesus looking at him loved him, and said to him, “One thing you lack. Go, sell whatever you have, and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me, taking up the cross.”
22But his face fell at that saying, and he went away sorrowful, for he was one who had great possessions.
23Jesus looked around, and said to his disciples, “How difficult it is for those who have riches to enter into God’s Kingdom!”
24The disciples were amazed at his words. But Jesus answered again, “Children, how hard it is for those who trust in riches to enter into God’s Kingdom!
25It is easier for a camel to go through a needle’s eye than for a rich man to enter into God’s Kingdom.”
26They were exceedingly astonished, saying to him, “Then who can be saved?”
27Jesus, looking at them, said, “With men it is impossible, but not with God, for all things are possible with God.”
1 Timothy 6:17-19
17Charge those who are rich in this present world that they not be arrogant, nor have their hope set on the uncertainty of riches, but on the living God, who richly provides us with everything to enjoy;
18that they do good, that they be rich in good works, that they be ready to distribute, willing to share;
19laying up in store for themselves a good foundation against the time to come, that they may lay hold of eternal life.
What each tradition says
Rabbinic / Midrashic
Ben Zoma asks who is rich and answers: one who rejoices in his lot. He cites Psalm 128:2, "You shall enjoy the fruit of your labors, you shall be happy and you shall prosper," reading "happy" as this world and "prosper" as the world to come.
Mishnah, Pirkei Avot 4:1 (Ben Zoma); English: Mishnah Yomit, trans. Joshua Kulp (Sefaria), Pirkei Avot (Mishnah Yomit translation, Sefaria) — Pirkei Avot 4:1 ('Who is rich?')
Patristic
Clement says he does not bid him throw away the substance he possessed and abandon his property, as some conceive off-hand. Instead, he bids him banish from his soul his notions about wealth, his excitement and morbid feeling about it, and the anxieties that choke the seed of life.
Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-c. 215), Who is the Rich Man that Shall Be Saved? (trans. William Wilson), in Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2 (Buffalo: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885) — ch. XI (on 'Sell thy possessions')
Catholic
Aquinas says the commandments, other than the precepts of charity, are directed to removing things contrary to charity, with which charity is incompatible. The counsels are directed to removing things that hinder the act of charity, yet are not contrary to charity, such as marriage, the occupation of worldly business, and so forth.
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Summa Theologica, Second Part of the Second Part (II-II), q. 184 (trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 1920) — II-II, q. 184 ('The State of Perfection in General'), a. 3
Orthodox
Chrysostom asks how this can become possible. He says it becomes possible if one casts away what one has, empties oneself of wealth, and refrains from wicked desire.
John Chrysostom (c. 349-407), Homilies on the Gospel of St. Matthew (trans. George Prevost; rev. M. B. Riddle), in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ser. 1, vol. 10 (New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888) — Homily LXIII on Matt. 19:16-30
Reformed / Protestant
Calvin says riches do not in themselves keep a person from following God. Yet because the human mind is depraved, it is scarcely possible for those who have great abundance to avoid being intoxicated by them.
John Calvin (1509-1564), Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, vol. 2 (trans. William Pringle, Calvin Translation Society, 1846) — Commentary on Matthew 19:23-26 (with Mark 10:23-27; Luke 18:24-27)
Evangelical
Barnes says this verse means they were to use their property in a way that contributes to their eternal welfare. Such use might be the means of exalted happiness and honor in heaven, if it did not interfere with religion in the soul and did the most good possible.
Albert Barnes (1798-1870), Notes on the New Testament, Explanatory and Practical (enlarged ed. by Robert Frew; CCEL carries the Baker reprint) — Note on 1 Timothy 6:19